Nonverbal Communication and Global Discourse Analysis : Report of the Application and its Results in the Context of Criminal Investigation

This article consists of two analysis of an oral testimony conducted in police headquarters, of a case involving a child's murder. This case, of great repercussion in Brazil, has become a major challenge for the authorities, which led to the request of analysis involved aspects of verbal and nonverbal communication. They were performed separately by professionals from different areas. Such analysis, when confronted, brings convergent evidence, and corroborates the findings obtained by the two methods, the result indicates a reliable way of using communicative analysis in the context of statements. Finally, we intend to describe the used methodology and the theoretical resources on which professionals involved in the case are based on.


Introduction
The initiative, which has resulted in this article, came from the sharing of the results obtained from the analysis performed by two different areas of professions, a psychologist and a speech therapist. In 2013, it was asked to Instituto Paulista de Estudos Bioéticos e Jurídicos (IPEBJ)/Forensic Science Investigation Brasil (FSI -Brasil) to review the testimony of a murder suspect. Such an application deployed on the appointment of two institutes' teachers with specific training of different specializations, both involving human communication. Working one in São Paulo and another in Rio de Janeiro, they began their analysis using different methodologies.
The analysis of non-verbal behavior involves cognitive neuropsychology and the analysis of oral communication, linguistic aspects, namely: acoustic, syntactic, semantic and prosodic. It is not from today the relationship between linguistics and psychology. These two disciplines have always been linked, even though they are autonomous. Linguistic lingers over in the investigation of human language and psychology focusing on the subject. They interact in a way which language is the subject of thought and a vehicle of social communication. The language allows man to live in society, establish psychological and social ties¹.
The Social Psychology of Language discipline has an intimate relationship with sociolinguistics and exemplifies this statement. The article reports the screen analyzes highlighting, it theoretical basis and presents the results, which surprised the professionals involved in the analysis procedure and the police authority that requested the study. This work helps propelling and stimulating new studies and insights on testimonials analysis area.

Examined material, methodology analysis, theoretical assumptions
The material submitted by the police, which led to the analysis described in this article, was composed by four (4) digital files in AVI extension, with audio and video recordings related to the oral testimony from a suspect of the murder of a child, adding up a total of 3 hours 12 minutes 19 seconds of testimony.

Verbal communication analysis
The audio was used for analysis of verbal communication, the images was discarded. Video files, initially in .AVI, were converted to audio files in .WAV extension. All audio content was transcribed and all material related to the speech of the nonsuspect was discarded. Linguistic analysis was settled in compliance with the acoustic findings, which were analyzed the variations in pitch, loudness and voice stress through the Praat software, AdobeAudition (to edit the audio), Gram and WinPitch, and suprassegmental level, analyzing -the intonation, pauses and prolongations. For the lexical level, we used the WordSmith program for word count and to check the type of occurrence and its context. From the oral text transcript, it was possible to set demarcations about the level of tension in his voice, repeated words, contradictions and self-corrections.
When there was absence of a regular communication pattern of the suspect/ deponent, comparisons were made considering the situational context and content of statements. We decided to choose two distinct moments of testimony to compare them. The first part listed a moment referring to the time when the suspect reports about the night of fact (the suspect was with the child on the night of his disappearance) and a second moment when the suspect describes the procedures made, the next morning, after knowing of the child's disappearance. The two passages contained exactly 2 minutes and 30 seconds of speech of the suspect, they were analyzed and compared.
The vocal emission is a phenomenon that involves great interpersonal and intrapersonal variations, appearing in many aspects that can be measured by specialized programs. Suprasegmental aspects give the valuable information discourse on the meaning of the message and these subtleties in meaning are evoked through prosody, intonation and pauses, among other markers. In every enunciation you want to say something that is shaped by the intention and speaker's goals. One of the main functions of prosody is the expression of attitudes, with the melodic curve, seen as the prosody parameter that carries more informations². The audio files were analyzed following the transcript text and visualizing the spectrum of the sound wave produced by the speaker in order to check the times of formal sense evoked by lexical elements that act together with the prosodic features. The analysis of prosody is a resource that points to the attitude in the speech of individuals, as well as notes or decreases the value of something in the statement. Intonational aspects of cyclic groups, speech rate and pauses were checked by monitoring the melodic curve that followed the phonic segments in the statements. This analysis was based on phonological theory of intonation proposed by Sosa³ with some of the following assumptions: i) the intonation is significant, can differentiate meanings (semantic or pragmatic) in identical statements formally; ii) the intonation is systematic: there is a limited number of intonation patterns in each language, which are used to produce defined semantic effects; iii) tone is characteristic and iv) text or speech is divided into units or melodic groups. Therefore, we monitored the values of the fundamental frequency, and duration and intensity of emissions. That said, the option of using the acoustic analysis was in order to add more elements to the analysis.
The enunciation is the linguistic materiality, and its meaning is inextricably the logical relationship of sentences together; the average word length; the average length of sentences; the presence of "collocates". The linguistic and acoustic findings were compared in order to detect patterns of behavior or inconsistencies.
Paveau 6 defined the discourse analysis as "the discipline that studies the verbal productions within their social conditions of production." The subjectivity of the speaker or his discursive intention, is expressed in their choices, is materialized in the enunciation, is determined by the circumstances and designed by discursive style. Foucault explains that the production of discourse is controlled, selected, organized and distributed. This act goes through a process of choices and words of exclusions in order to achieve the goal. Still quoting Foucault, this is not an interpretation of meanings that seeks only to discover what is hidden behind the speech, but what actually produces and shows, through there may be contradictions. From the concept of discursive formation of Foucault, who Pêcheux 5 appropriates and reframes the field of discourse analysis, and we take here as an example, this work proposes the appropriation and the reterritorialization or redefinition of the relationship between language, the subject, the ideology and the historical materiality. If the discourse is to address the linguistic materiality in a statement context, the analyses should be based on the speeches of two by the deponent in relation to the context in which it appears the charge, taking into account the language, while significant system materials and the symbolic materiality, which Orlandi 7 calls the order of history. This "story" is what we suggest to restitute the place of "historical" aspects that would be related to the period before the crime being investigated. Taking the speech, the effect of meaning between speakers, that statement makes think about what direction effects the deponent awaits to get on with his speech and through this discursive production, identify other elements that go through his speech and mark the inconsistencies of what was said.

Nonverbal communication Analysis
The nonverbal communication behavior constitutes a research field that for decades has a collection of studies that has much to contribute to the professionals to aggregate knowledge as the ability to read the expressive manifestations of the people in a context 8

Confrontation and presentation of analysis
In order to facilitate the understanding of the analysis to the requesting police, the oral text produced by the suspect, once transcribed, was encoded.   * The suspect had previously stated that his wife, mother of the dead child, who has communicated the child's disappearance. In this excerpt, he says she was told, which contradicts the previously given information. What to stretch is confusing because the suspect fumbles, trying to correct what he said. As the deposition was reduced to term 2 and the speech was confused, this information was not recorded.  It is highlighted the passage in which the target says "aquele menino era tudo para mim" ("that boy was everything to me"). The sound spectrum analysis shows the different vocal behavior found in the speech of the previous minute. Differences were observed including the projection of harmonics.

Conclusions and considerations
We can say that it is not easy to dissect human communication and present a "diagnosis" of interactions. Some of the most notable researchers of the communicative interaction behavior refuse to separate words of gestures, probably by the intense relationship that permeates the whole process. It is believed that the left brain processes verbal information, and the right brain processes mainly non-verbal information, but also seems to have the primary responsibility for vocal components that give excitement to our discourse. These elements are the pitch, The discontinuities and other features found were identified as communication strategies that facilitate the explanation, the interaction and discursive progression. Auto repair trajectories are presented as a fairly frequent phenomenon in the material analyzed and occurred before any interaction of the interlocutor. The repair of the phenomenon is a route directed to tackle recurring production problems, listening and understanding that does not equate correction.
It occurs when the speaker stops the production of the statement to look for words (or ideas) before proceeding. This practice aims to remove "problems" of listening and understanding, as has been said, that the interaction can proceed and, if so, at times when the caller is able to understand the statement produced, hardly justifies the repair phenomenon used, leads to the belief that the corrections relate only to the intent and objectives of the speaker, in this case the suspect. Both in the analysis of non-verbal aspects of communication as well as in the verbal behavior of the suspect, the presence was observed in a reference sequence of coordinated actions featuring, between them, a speech rehearsed, controlled or trained over different parts of oral testimony. Finally, the use of two techniques